Note 15: Financial risk management

Financial risk management
Exposure to continuously changing market conditions has made management of financial risk critical for the Group. Treasury policies, risk limits and control procedures are continuously monitored by the Board of Directors through its Audit Committee and its Risk Committee.
15.1 Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Group is exposed to liquidity risk as a result of uncertain cash flows as well as capital commitments of the Group.
Liquidity risk is managed by the Group's Treasury team in accordance with policies and guidelines formulated by the Group's executive committee. In terms of its borrowing requirements the Group ensures that sufficient facilities exist to meet its immediate obligations.
Compared to the 2016 financial year end, there was no material change in the contractual undiscounted cash out flows for financial liabilities.
15.2 Fair Value of financial instruments
The carrying amount of financial instruments approximate fair value, with the exception of interest-bearing debt (at amortised cost) which has a fair value of R5,276 million (31 March 2016: R5,569 million) and a carrying amount of R4,958 million (31 March 2016: R5,269 million) (refer to note 18).

Valuation techniques and assumptions applied for the purposes of measuring fair value
Type of financial instrument	Fair value at 30 September 2016 RM	Valuation technique	Significant inputs
Investments and receivables, bank balances, repurchase agreements, and other liquid funds,payables and accruals, credit facilities utilised and shareholders for dividends excluding prepayments	3 956	Undiscounted future estimated cash flows due to short-term maturities of these instruments	Probability of default
Derivatives	(388)	Discounted cash flows	Yield curves, market interest rate and market foreign currency rate
Borrowings	(5 276)	Discounted cash flows	Market interest rate and market foreign currency rate

The estimated net fair values as at the reporting date, have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies as outlined below. This value is not necessarily indicative of the amounts that the Group could realise in the normal course of business.

Derivatives are recognised at fair value. The fair values of derivatives are determined using quoted prices or, where such prices are not available, a discounted cash flow analysis is used. These amounts reflect the approximate values of the net derivative position at the reporting date. The fair values of listed investments are based on quoted market prices.

The fair values of the borrowings disclosed above are based on quoted prices or, where such prices are not available, the expected future payments discounted at market interest rates. As a result they differ from carrying values.

The fair value of receivables, bank balances, repurchase agreements and other liquid funds, payables and accruals, approximate their carrying amount due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

15.3 Fair value hierarchy

The table below analyses financial instruments carried at fair value, by valuation method. The different levels have been defined as follows:

a) Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1).

b) Inputs other than quoted prices, that are observable for the asset or liability (level 2).

c) Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (level 3).

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